{"id":257,"date":"2015-08-02T15:31:42","date_gmt":"2015-08-02T15:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/?page_id=257"},"modified":"2023-06-20T14:45:41","modified_gmt":"2023-06-20T14:45:41","slug":"the-civil-war","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/the-civil-war\/","title":{"rendered":"The Civil War Reader"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Thomas

Thomas Nast, \u201cOur Heroines, United States Sanitary Commission,\u201d in Harper\u2019s Weekly, April 9, 1864, via Cushing\/Whitney Medical Library at Yale University<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation\u2019s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths. The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or since. The vast majority of northerners went to war to preserve the Union, but the war ultimately transformed into a struggle to eradicate slavery. African Americans, both enslaved and free pressed the issue of emancipation and nurtured this transformation. Simultaneously, women thrust themselves into critical wartime roles while navigating a world without many men of military age. The Civil War was a defining event in the history of the United States and, for the Americans thrust into it, a wrenching one. The struggles and suffering of the Civil War endure through the words and images of the era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Documents<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

1. Alexander Stephens on slavery and the Confederate constitution, 1861<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Confederates had to quickly create not only a government but also a nation, including all of the cultural values required to foster patriotism. In this speech, Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, proclaims that slavery and white supremacy were not only the cause for secession but also the \u201ccornerstone\u201d of the Confederate nation. <\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. General Benjamin F. Butler reacts to self-emancipation, 1861<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Self-emancipation posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers disobeyed the policy. In May 1861, General Benjamin F. Butler went over his superiors\u2019 heads and began accepting fugitives who came to Fortress Monroe in Virginia. In order to avoid the issue of their\u2019 freedom, Butler reasoned that these people were \u201ccontraband of war,\u201d and he had as much a right to seize them as he did to seize enemy horses or cannons. Later that summer Congress affirmed Butler\u2019s policy in the First Confiscation Act.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. William Henry Singleton, a formerly enslaved man, recalls fighting for the Union, 1922<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

William Henry Singleton was born to his enslaved mother, Lettice, and her enslaver\u2019s brother, William Singleton. At the age of four, he was sold away from his mother but ran back to her several times throughout his life. When the war broke out, he escaped to Union lines and volunteered for service. After being dismissed, he rallied one thousand Black soldiers and received a promotion as a sergeant.  <\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Poem about Civil War nurses, 1866<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The massive casualty rates of the Civil War meant that nurses were always needed. Women, North and South, left the comforts of home to care for the wounded. Hospital conditions were often so bad that many volunteer nurses quit soon after beginning. After the war, Kate Cumming, a nurse who traveled with the Army of Tennessee, published an account of her experience. She included a poem, written by an unknown author about nursing in the war.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Ambrose Bierce recalls his experience at the Battle of Shiloh, 1881<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Civil War soldiers described the experience of combat as both terrifying and confusing. The American writer, Ambrose Bierce, captures both the confusion and terror of the Battle of Shiloh in the below excerpt of his 1881 recollections of the battle. <\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Civil War songs, 1862<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Music played an important role in the Civil War. Songs celebrated the cause, mourned the loss of life, and bound sings together in shared commitments to mutual sacrifice. These two songs, both written by women, one in the North and the other in the South, show the flexibility of Civil War music. The first is an example of the somber, sacralizing function of music, while the latter is an example of a lighthearted attempt at humor.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Abraham Lincoln\u2019s second inaugural address, 1865<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Abraham Lincoln offered a first draft of history in his second inaugural address, casting the Civil War as a war for union that later became a spiritual process of national penance for two hundred and fifty years of enslaving. Lincoln also looked to the future, envisioning a harmonious and speedy Reconstruction that would take place \u201cwith malice toward none\u201d and \u201cwith charity for all.\u201d<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Media<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Civil War nurses illustration, 1864<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"This<\/a>
Thomas Nast, \u201cOur Heroines, United States Sanitary Commission,\u201d in Harper\u2019s Weekly, April 9, 1864, via Cushing\/Whitney Medical Library at Yale University.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Civil War ultimately opened a variety of arenas for Union and Confederate women\u2019s participation.  In the North, the United States Sanitary Commission in particular centralized women\u2019s opportunities to volunteer as nurses, donate supplies, and to raise funds at Sanitary Fairs.  This 1864 image from popular periodical Harper\u2019s Weekly<\/em> celebrates women\u2019s contributions on the battlefield, in the hospital, in the parlor, and at the fair.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burying the Dead Photograph, 1865<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"This<\/a>
John Reekie, “A Burial Party, Cold Harbor, Virginia,” 1865, via Library of Congress. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Death pervaded every aspect of life during the years of the Civil War. This gruesome photograph, taken after the battle of Cold Harbor, shows the hasty burial procedures used to reckon with unprecedented death. Dirty jobs like this were often left to Black soldiers or freedpeople in Contraband Camps. <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Introduction The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation\u2019s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths. The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or since. The vast majority of northerners went to war to preserve the Union, but the war ultimately transformed into a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":14,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-257","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/257","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=257"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/257\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2218,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/257\/revisions\/2218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}